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aesthetic practice but also a way to express joy, prosperity and cultural beliefs.

In 2009, Chinese paper-cut was inscribed on the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in recognition of its cultural significance and the role it plays in preserving and transmitting Chinese folk customs and creativity. Paper-cut is celebrated across China, with different regions known for their distinct styles and patterns, and it continues to thrive both as a folk art and a modern artistic expression.

The origins of Chinese paper-cut can be traced back to the 6th century during the Tang dynasty (618–907). Initially, it was a simple craft used to create decorations for religious rituals and to adorn windows during festive occasions. Early examples of paper-cut included designs such as flowers, birds and animals, which symbolized luck, fertility and protection.

The art form became particularly popular during the Song dynasty (960–1279) and flourished during the Ming (1368–1644) and Qing (1644–1911) dynasties. During these periods, paper-cut was not only used for decoration but also for symbolic purposes, such as celebrating birthdays, weddings and festivals like the Spring Festival. The art of paper-cut was passed down through generations, often from mother to daughter, with families using it to adorn homes and public spaces.

Distinct regional styles emerged over the centuries, with famous paper-cut centers in Jiangsu, Shandong and Hebei provinces, each known for their unique themes, techniques and patterns. For instance, Shandong-style paper-cut is known for its bold, large patterns and striking contrasts, while Sichuan-style features delicate and intricate details. These regional variations have enriched the diversity of Chinese paper-cut and further contributed to its cultural importance.

Chinese paper-cut remains a thriving art form today. While the traditional use of paper-cut for decorations during festivals continues, the craft has also adapted to contemporary tastes and uses. Modern artists incorporate paper-cut into various forms of visual art, design and commercial products, including fashion, architecture and digital media. Paper-cut elements are commonly found in advertisements, souvenirs and home decorations.

Despite its continued popularity, there are challenges to the preservation of this ancient craft. The time-consuming nature of traditional paper-cut techniques, along with the increasing availability of mass-produced decorative items, has made it difficult for artisans to sustain their craft commercially. However, efforts are being made by cultural organizations, museums and government bodies to preserve and promote this heritage through educational programs, exhibitions and workshops. Additionally, younger generations are increasingly interested in learning the craft, ensuring that the skills and traditions of Chinese paper-cut continue to be passed down.

In recent years, paper-cut has gained international recognition, with exhibitions and workshops held in many countries, allowing global audiences to appreciate the beauty and complexity of this ancient art form. Furthermore, Chinese paper-cut has been recognized as a source of national pride and a symbol of China's rich cultural heritage.

When Chinese paper-cut was inscribed on the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2009, the organization highlighted the art form's deep cultural roots and its significance in promoting community identity and cohesion. UNESCO described Chinese paper-cut as a means of expression, communication and creativity, noting that it is intimately tied to Chinese customs, festivals and rituals.

The recognition also acknowledged the role of paper-cut in the expression of social values and beliefs. For example, the patterns often reflect themes of prosperity, good fortune and harmony, which are central to Chinese culture. UNESCO praised the transmission of this knowledge across generations and the continued innovation seen in contemporary applications of the art.

Moreover, UNESCO highlighted the efforts of various organizations and local governments in promoting and preserving paper-cut traditions through education, public engagement and cultural preservation initiatives. The inscription underscored the importance of maintaining both the traditional and modern aspects of Chinese paper-cut, ensuring its survival as a living cultural heritage.

Through its inclusion in the UNESCO list, Chinese paper-cut has gained greater visibility, reinforcing its significance as a key component of China's cultural identity and a unique form of artistic expression that continues to inspire and engage people worldwide.

Discover more treasures from China on UNESCO's ICH list:

• 2024: Spring Festival

• 2022: Traditional tea processing

• 2020: Wangchuan ceremony, taijiquan

• 2018: Lum medicinal bathing of Sowa Rigpa

• 2016: Twenty-four solar terms

• 2013: Abacus-based Zhusuan

• 2012: Training plan for Fujian puppetry performers

• 2011: Shadow puppetry, Yimakan storytelling

• 2010: Peking opera, acupuncture and moxibustion, wooden movable-type printing, watertight-bulkhead technology of Chinese junks, Meshrep

• 2009: Yueju opera, Xi'an wind and percussion ensemble, traditional handicrafts of making Xuan paper, traditional firing techniques of Longquan celadon, Tibetan opera, sericulture and silk craftsmanship, Regong arts, Nanyin, Khoomei, Mazu belief and customs, Dragon Boat Festival,Manas, Craftsmanship of Nanjing Yunjin brocade, Xinjiang Uygur Muqam art, Hua'er, China engraved block printing technique, Chinese traditional architectural craftsmanship for timber-framed structures

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